All programs, one table

Compare.

Headline numbers across every program we cover. Click through to a country page for the full picture.

Country	Status	From	Time	Citizenship	Stay	Tax angle
🇵🇹 Portugal	Reformed	€500,000	12–18 months (new applications)	10 years for most ARI applicants; 7 for CPLP nationals (Lei Orgânica n.º 1/2026, in force 19 May 2026)	14 days per 2-year renewal cycle (~7 days/year)	IFICI (NHR successor) - narrowed eligibility
🇬🇷 Greece	Reformed	€250,000	4–9 months (new applications)	7 years	0 days required	Non-dom flat tax €100k/year · 7% foreign-pensioner regime
🇪🇸 Spain	Closed	€500,000	Closed to new applicants	n/a (existing holders unchanged)	1 visit/year (existing holders)	No special tax regime was ever attached to the Golden Visa. Spending 183+ days in Spain makes you a Spanish tax resident on worldwide income. The favourable routes into Spanish tax are the separate Beckham regime and the Digital Nomad Visa's reduced rate, not the investor visa.
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates	Active	AED 2,000,000	4–6 weeks	Not available (presidential nomination only)	Unlimited absence allowed	0% personal income tax · 9% corporate tax above AED 375k
🇲🇹 Malta	Active	€175,000	4–6 months	Permanent residence only. No citizenship-by-investment - the investor-citizenship route was abolished after the CJEU ruling of 29 April 2025. Ordinary naturalisation requires several years of genuine residence and is discretionary.	0 days (MPRP)	MPRP residence is not tax residency - with no minimum stay, most holders never become Maltese tax resident. If you do (183+ days), non-domiciled residents are taxed on a remittance basis: foreign income only if remitted to Malta, foreign capital gains at 0% even if remitted, with a €5,000 minimum tax above €35,000 of foreign income. No wealth, inheritance or gift tax, and no flat annual charge.
🇮🇹 Italy	Active	€250,000	3–4 months	10 years (4 for EU citizens, 3 for spouses of Italians)	Flexible (no fixed minimum) - tax residency at 183 days	No Italian tax on foreign income unless you become tax resident (183+ days a year). Optional flat-tax regime for new residents: a flat €300,000/year on all foreign-source income for those moving from 2026, plus €50,000 per family member, for up to 15 years. Italian-source income is taxed normally.
🌴 Caribbean (CBI)	Active	$200,000	4–8 months	Direct (no residency requirement)	0 days (Antigua: 5 days within first 5 years)	Citizenship is not tax residency - a CBI passport does not change where you are taxed, and CBI requires no residence, so for most holders it has no tax effect at all. The islands levy no tax on non-residents' foreign income and no wealth or inheritance tax, but you only benefit by actually relocating, which almost no CBI buyer does.
🇺🇸 United States	Active	$800,000	Rural TEA: ~8mo to I-526E · 24–36mo to green card	Conditional green card now; permanent green card after the 2-year conditions are removed; US citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident, with physical-presence and continuous-residence requirements.	Not a zero-stay program. The green card must be genuinely maintained - long absences risk abandonment - and naturalisation requires 30 months of physical presence over 5 years.	None - the opposite. A US green card (including the conditional one) makes you a US tax resident on worldwide income from the day it is approved (top federal rate 37%, plus state tax), with worldwide assets exposed to US estate and gift tax (up to 40%) and FATCA/FBAR reporting. An exit tax can apply if you later give up the green card as a long-term resident. Pre-immigration tax planning before the green card is essential.

Head-to-head dossiers

Pick your two programs.

28 comparisons

Every Golden Visa program we cover, compared head-to-head. Same fields, same scoring, no marketing copy.

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇬🇷Greece

€500,000 · €250,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇪🇸Spain

€500,000 · €500,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇦🇪United Arab Emirates

€500,000 · AED 2,000,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇲🇹Malta

€500,000 · €175,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇮🇹Italy

€500,000 · €250,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

€500,000 · $200,000

🇵🇹Portugal vs 🇺🇸United States

€500,000 · $800,000

🇬🇷Greece vs 🇪🇸Spain

€250,000 · €500,000

🇬🇷Greece vs 🇦🇪United Arab Emirates

€250,000 · AED 2,000,000

🇬🇷Greece vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

€250,000 · $200,000

🇬🇷Greece vs 🇺🇸United States

€250,000 · $800,000

🇪🇸Spain vs 🇦🇪United Arab Emirates

€500,000 · AED 2,000,000

🇪🇸Spain vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

€500,000 · $200,000

🇪🇸Spain vs 🇺🇸United States

€500,000 · $800,000

🇦🇪United Arab Emirates vs 🇲🇹Malta

AED 2,000,000 · €175,000

🇦🇪United Arab Emirates vs 🇮🇹Italy

AED 2,000,000 · €250,000

🇦🇪United Arab Emirates vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

AED 2,000,000 · $200,000

🇦🇪United Arab Emirates vs 🇺🇸United States

AED 2,000,000 · $800,000

🇲🇹Malta vs 🇮🇹Italy

€175,000 · €250,000

🇲🇹Malta vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

€175,000 · $200,000

🇲🇹Malta vs 🇺🇸United States

€175,000 · $800,000

🇮🇹Italy vs 🌴Caribbean (CBI)

€250,000 · $200,000

🇮🇹Italy vs 🇺🇸United States

€250,000 · $800,000

🌴Caribbean (CBI) vs 🇺🇸United States

$200,000 · $800,000

Multi-program dossiers

Compare more than two at once.

Three-way

🇵🇹 Portugal vs 🇬🇷 Greece vs 🇮🇹 Italy

The live EU triple comparison: fund vs real estate vs investor visa, with IFICI vs Non-Dom vs Italian flat tax.

Four-way EU

🇵🇹 PT vs 🇬🇷 GR vs 🇮🇹 IT vs 🇲🇹 MT

All four live EU residency-by-investment programs side by side: funds, real estate, investor visa and MPRP.

Tax base three-way

🇮🇹 Italy flat tax vs 🇲🇹 Malta remittance vs 🇦🇪 UAE 0%

Three radically different tax bases for the mobile high earner: €300k flat tax, remittance basis and zero personal tax.

Five-way matrix

🇵🇹 PT · 🇬🇷 GR · 🇮🇹 IT · 🇲🇹 MT · 🇦🇪 UAE

The full residency-by-investment matrix with cost grid, citizenship matrix, tax overlay matrix and decision tree by goal.

Grand matrix

Every program · every field · one page

The complete cross-program grid: cost, timeline, citizenship clock, presence, tax overlay and family rules - every country we cover, side by side.